NEET Biology Notes – Plant kingdom

NEET Biology Plant Kingdom An Introduction And Algae Characteristics Of Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae. This kingdom includes multicellular producers. The characteristics are:

1. Complex eukaryotic, multicellular plants adapted for photosynthesis.
2. The plant cells are rigid because of cellulose cell walls.
3. Mostly the cells are rigid and cannot contract and relax like animal cells do. Plant cells are immobile and do not exhibit the phenomenon of locomotion.
4. Plants synthesize all their organic constituents from water, C02 and inorganic forms of essential elements using light energy trapped by chlorophyll and accessory pigments. The photosynthetic region contains plastids in their cells.
5. Reproduction by both asexual and sexual methods. Gametic meiosis during sexual reproduction.
6. Life history shows the alternation of generations. Sporophyte generation produces spores which develop into gametophytic plants and produce gametes.
7. Growth is generally indefinite.
8. Structural differentiation occurs except in some lower forms.
9. Higher forms have well-defined growing points with meristems.
10. The food reserve is starch and fat.

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Plant Kingdom NEET Notes

Classification Of Plants

His kingdom includes green algae, brown algae, red algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. The important characteristics are plastids in their cells.

Some forms have an absorptive mode of nutrition, still other forms may get modified to have a symbiotic relationship.

NEET Biology Plant Kingdom System Of Classification Of Phanerogams By Bentham And Hooker (1862-1883)

Polypetalae- Petals separate

Series Thalamiflorae-Hypogynous, stamens and pistils many, indefinite, mostly free distinct sepals free from the ovary.

Order 1. Ranales

Families-

• Ranunculaceae,
• Dilleniaceae,
• Calycanthaceae,
• Magnoliaceae,
• Anonaceae,
• Menispermaceae,
• Berberidaceae,
• Nymphaeaceae.

Order 2. Parietales

Families-

• Sarraceniaceae,
• Papaveraceae,
• Cruciferae,
• Capparidaceae,
• Resedaceae,
• Cistineae,
• Violaceae,
• Canellaceae,
• Bixineae.

Plant Kingdom NEET Notes

Order 3. Polygalineae

Families-

• Pittosporeae,
• Tremandreae,
• Polygaleae,
• Vochysiaceae.

Order 4. Caryophyllineae

Families-

• Frankeniaceae,
• Caryophyllaceae,
• Portulcaceae,
• Tamariscineae.

Order 5. Guttiferales

Families-

• Elatineae,
• Hypericineae,
• Guttifereae,
• Temstroemiaceae,
• Dipterocarpeae,
• Chlaenaceae.

Order 6. Malvales

Families-

• Malvaceae,
• Sterculiaceae,
• Tiliaceae.

Series Disciflorac. Hypogynous, calyx consists of free or united sepals which are usually free from the ovary.

A prominent cushion-shaped disc is present below the ovary. Ovary-free or embedded in the receptacular disc. Stamens are usually definite in number.

Order 7. Geraniales

Families-

• Lineae,
• Humiriaceae,
• Malpighiaceae,
• Zygophylleae,
• Geraniaceae,
• Rutaceae,
• Simarubeae,
• Ochnaceae,
• Burseraceae,
• Meliaceae,
• Chailletiaceae.

Order 8. Olacales

Families-

• Olacineae,
• Ilicineae,
• Cyrilleae.

Order 9. Celastralcs

Families-

• Ccllastrineae,
• Stackhousieae
• Rhamneae,
• Ampelideae.

Order 10. Sapindales

Families-

• Sapindaccae,
• Sabiaccac,
• Anacardiaceae,
• Coriarieae,
• Moringcae

Plant Kingdom NEET Notes

Series 3. Multivulatae Terrestres

Families-

• Nepenthaceae,
• Cytinaceae,
• Anstolo-chieae.

Series 4. Micrembryea

Families-

• Piperaceae,
• Chloranthaceae,
• Myristi-cease,
• Moniaceae.

Series 5. Daphnales

Families-

• Laurineae,
• Proteaceae,
• Thymelaceae,
• Penaeaceae,
• Eleagnaceae.

Series 6. Achlamydosporeae

Families-

• Loranthaceae,
• Santalaceae,
• Balanophoreae.

Series 7. Unisexual

Families-

• Euphorbiaceae,
• Blanopseae,
• Urticaceae,
• Plantanaceae.
• Leitnerieae,
• Juglandeae,
• Myricaceae,
• Casuarineae,
• Cupuliferae.

Series 8. Ordines anomali (Anomalous Families)

Families-

• Salicaceae,
• Lacistemaceae,
• Empetraceae,
• Ceratophylleae.

Gymnospermae:

Families-

• Gnetaceae,
• Coniferae,
• Cycadaceae.
• Monocotyledones:

Series 1. Microspermae: Ovary superior tricarpellary. Seeds are very minute and many. Inner perianth leaves petaloid.

Families-

• Hydrocharidae,
• Burmanniaceae.
• Orchideae.

Series 2. Epigynae: Ovary inferior.

Families-

• Scitamineae,
• Bromellaceae,
• Heamodoraceae.
• Irideae.
• Amaryllidae,
• Taccaceae,
• Diosco-reaceae.

Series 3. Coronarieae: Ovary superior, albuminous.

Families-

• Roxburghiaceae,
• Liliaceae,
• Pontederiaceae,
• Philydraceae,
• Xyrideae,
• Mayacaceae,
• Commelinaceae,
• Rapateaceae.

Series 4. Calycineae: Ovary superior; albumen copious; perianth inconspicuous, sepaloid, stiff or herbaceous.

Families-

• Flagellarieae,
• Juncaceae,
• Palmae.

Series 5. Nudiflorae: Ovary superior perianth absent or reduced to scales.

Families-

• Pandaneae,
• Cyclanthaceae.
• Typhaccae.
• Aroideae,
• Lemnaceae.

Series 6. Apocarpae: Ovary superior, carpels separate or single.

Families-

• Triurideae,
• Alismaceae,
• Najadaceae.

Series 7. Glumaceae: Ovary single-celled, single ovule. Flowers in spikelets or heads. Perianth scale-like

Classification Of Plant Kingdom NEET

NEET Biology Plant Kingdom Stelar System

A stele is a column containing vascular tissues which is surrounded by a pericycle and separated from ground tissue by endodermis. There may be single stele (monostelic), two steles (distelic) or many steles (polystelic). Steles are of many types.

1. Protostele. It is the most primitive stele which consists of a solid core of xylem surrounded by phloem and pericycle. Pith is absent. Haplostele. It is a typical protostele which may be rounded or flattened, for Example, Selaginella chrysocaulos.

• Actinostele. The xylem is stellate (with rays of protoxylem) and surrounded by phloem, Example Lycopodium serratum.
• Plectostele. The xylem is broken into plates immersed in the phloem, for Example, Lycopodium volubile.
• Mixed Protestele. Irregular groups of xylem embedded in phloem, Example Lycopodium cemuum.
• Protostele with Mixed Pith. The central part has parenchyma and xylem. It is surrounded by phloem, for Example, Gleicheinea dichotoma.

2. Siphonostele. It is a medullated protostele or protostele with a central non-vascular pith. Leaf gaps are absent. Siphonstele is of two types:

Ectophloic Siphonostele. The central pith is surrounded successively by the xylem, phloem, pericycle and endodermis.

Amphiphloic Siphonostele. There is a central pith. The xylem is surrounded on either side by phloem, pericycle and endodermis.

Solenostele. It is similar to siphonostele but has scattered leaf gaps so that in T.S. it often appears horse-shoe shaped.

Dictyostele. It is a hollow stele with overlapping leaf gaps so that the vascular cylinder appears as a hollow network of strands called meristeles. In T.S., the dictyostele appears as a ring of meristeles, each with a protostelic structure, for example, Dryopteris.

Polycyclic Stele. A stele has two or more concentric cylinders, for Example, Matoniapectinata.

Eustele. It is a polyfascicular siphonostele which consists of several parallel vascular bundles separated by medullary rays or perforations, for Example, gymnosperms, and dicots.

Atactostele. Several vascular bundles (conjoint and collateral) occur scattered in ground tissue, for example, monocots.

Radial Bundles. Xylem and phloem occur in separate alternate bundles Example roots.

NEET Biology Plant Kingdom Algae Characteristics Of Algae

• The study of algae is called phycology and scientists working on algae are called Phycologists or Algologist.
• The algae (Linnaeus) is a collective term for all those chlorophyll-containing organisms which are thalloid, pond scums, stoneworts, and seaweeds. The thallus is non-vascular and thus has no elements for the transport of fluids.
• Algae occupy a wide range of habitats as follows :
• Terrestrial habitats. Some algae grow well in moist and well-aerated soils. They are called edaphophytes Example Fritschiella (grows on acidic soil), Vaucheria, etc.
• Aquatic habitats. Most algae grow in freshwater (waters of low salinity) or in marine water (saline water of sea having a solute concentration of 33-40 parts per thousand).

They are grouped under:

• Phytoplanktons. The aquatic algae float freely on the surface of the water body and move on the mercy of water currents (For example Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Cosmarium, etc.). Sometimes the colour of water changes due to the colour of plankton, called water bloom.
• The Red Sea is due to the luxuriant growth of blue-green algae-Trichodesmium erythronium over the surface of seawater.
• Benthos. The algae growing attached to the bottom of a water body are called benthos. The forms which grow attached to bottom soil or mud are called epipelagic and those which grow attached to rocks and stones are called epilithic.

Peculiar habitats

Cryophytes. Such algae grow in the polar regions on ice and snow at low temperatures Example Chlamydomonas nivalis, Ulothrixflaccida, etc. These algae produce specific colours.

For example snow (formed by Chlamydomonas nivalis), Black snow (formed by Raphidonema), Purple snow (formed by Ancylonema nordenskioldii), Blue snow (formed by Dactylococcopsis caucasica), Yellow snow (formed by Chlamydomonas flavivirus), Red-snow ball (formed by Haematococcus sp.), etc.

Thermophytes. Such algae grow in very hot water (near hot springs) with a temperature ranging between 70° to 80°C.

Epiphytes. Algae growing on the surface of other plant parts are called epiphytes ) Examples are Oedogonium, Ulothrix, Cladophora, etc.

Epizoophytes. Algae growing on the bodies of animals are called epizoophytes Example Cladophora grows on snails, and Cyanoderma (red alga) and Trichophilus (green alga) grow on the scales of sloth.

Endophytes. Algae growing within the tissue of other plants are called endophytes.

Endozoophytes. Algae grow inside the body of animals Example Chlorella grows within the tissue of Hydra and sponges.

Symbiotic algae. Some algae grow in symbiotic associations Example Lichens.

Parasitic algae. Some algae grow as parasites on other plants Example CephaleuroS Viruses (Causes Red Rust Of Tea)

Plant Kingdom NEET Mcqs

The algae exhibit great diversity in a range of thallus.

• Algae vary in size from small microscopic to large giant kelps. They have a wide range of thallus organisations. Examples of the various forms are given below:
  • Unicellular motile forms- Chlamydomonas.
  • Unicellular non-motile forms- Chlorella.
  • Palmelloid forms- Palmella, Tetraspora, etc.
  • Dendroid (tree-like) forms- Prasinocladus.
  • Non-motile colonial forms- Hydrodictyon.
  • Motile colonial forms- Volvox.
  • Unbranchedfilamentousforms- Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Oedogonium, etc.
  • Branched filamentous forms- Cladophora.
  • Heterotrichous forms- Fritschiella, Ectocarpus, etc.
  • Siphonaceous forms- Vaucheria.
  • Pseudoparenchymatous forms- Nemalion.
  • Parenchymatous forms- Ulva, Laminaria, etc.
• The cells constituting the thalli of algae are eukaryotic.
• The structure is of various kinds flagellate unicellular (Example Chlamydomonas), nonflagellate unicellular, (Example Chlorella), flagellate colony (ExampleGonium, Volvox), nonflagellate colony (Example Hydrodictyon), coenocytic (Example Caulerpa), filamentous (Example Ulothrix), parenchymatous (Example Ulva), etc.
• A colony with a fixed number of cells is called coenobium, for Example, Volvox.
• Unicellular Acetabularia (Umbrella Plant) has a holdfast (with a nucleus), a stalk and an umbrella-like cap. Caulerpa is differentiated into rhizome-like prostrate parts with rhizoids for fixation and leaf-like vertical assimilators.
• Oedogonium (an unbranched filamentous alga) contains caps on the cells which undergo division (hence cap cells).
• The pigments are chlorophylls, carotenoids, phycobilins or biloproteins and nutrition is autotrophic.
• Reserve food material is in the form of polysaccharides mostly starch in green algae. Floridian starch in red algae, laminarin and lipid or mannitol in brown algae.
• Reproduction is mostly vegetative, asexual employing aplanospores, akinetes, palmella stage, zoospores etc. Sex organs are unicellular and non-jacketed. There is no embiyo formation after the gametic union. So embryo stage is absent in algae. Sexual reproduction may be isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy.
• Isogamous type. Gametes are morphologically similar but physiologically dissimilar, for Example, Chlamydomonas albaryanum.
• Anisogamous type. Fusion takes place between morphologically and physiologically dissimilar gametes, for example, C. beanie.
• Oogamous type. Fusion of active male gamete with large passive female gamete occurs to form a zygote, for example, C. coccifera.
• Four patterns of life cycle have been recognised in algae These are-
• Haplontic or monogenetic type. The plant showing this pattern has a predominant gametophytic phase which is followed by insignificant sporophytic for the diploid phase, being represented by zygote only.
• Diplontic type. In such plants, the sporophytic or diploid phase is predominant while the gametophytic or haploid phase remains insignificant and is represented by gametes only.
• Haplodiplontic or digenetic type. The plant has both gametophytic and sporophytic phases equally well represented. However, it may be further categorised into two types- isomorphic in which plants or gametophytic and sporophytic phases are more pathologically similar, and heteromorphic in which plants of two phases are morphologically dissimilar.
• Diplohaplontic with nutrigenetic type. Plants of two phases are well developed but the diploid or sporophytic phase is extended which shows two subphases- the first being dependent on gametophyte and the second being an independent diploid subphase that arises from the first subphase.
• Algae in contrast to fungi show the evolution of sex.

According to the traditional system of classification group algae is divided into the following classes:

1. Chlorophyta,
2. Charophyta,
3. Xanthophyta,
4. Chrysophyta,
5. Bacillariophyta,
6. Pyrrophyta,
7. Phaeophyta and
8. Rhodophyta.

According to the modem classification group, algae is divided as follows

Included in Protista according to the Whittaker system of classification

Chlorophyta (Green algae)

It is characterised by the presence of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids. About 7,000 species are known, Chloroplasts normally contain pyrenoids. Starch is reserve food material.

Chlorophyceae exhibit a wide range of thallus organisations from unicellular, colonial, multicellular, filamentous to thalloid.

They reproduce asexually by zoospores, aplanospores, hypnospores and palmella stage. The sex organs are always unicellular. The zygote generally is the only diploid structure in the life cycle, for example, Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra and Ulothrix.

Phaeophyta (Brown algae)

Characterised by presence ofchlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘c’, carotenoids and fucoxanthins (2,000 species). The cells are uninucleated and the cell walls beside the cellulose and pectic substances contain gel-like polysaccharide algin (alginic acid)and the carbohydrate fucoid in(fucinic acid).

The presence offucosan vesicles in the cells is a characteristic feature of brown algae. Reserve food material is informofmannitol andlaminarin. The members of Phaeophyceae are mostly attached to the rocks by a holdfast. Some of the larger brown algae bodies are differentiated into holdfast, stipe and lamina.

Asexual reproduction is by tetraspores and aplanospores. Sexual reproduction varies from isogamy to oogamy. There is an alternation of generations as in higher plants Example Laminaria, Macrocystis, Sargassum (gulfweed), Dictyota etc.

Classification Of Plant Kingdom NEET

Rhodophyta. (Red algae). They are characterised by the presence of chlorophyll a. phycobilins (Phycocyanin and predominant and chi d in some cases red pigment Phycoerythrin).

About 5000 species are known, the reserve food is floridean starch, galactoside and floridosides. Red algae constitute an ancient group of plants and flagellated cells are absent in their life.

Sexual reproduction is oogamous. The life cycle of many red algae shows alternation of generations For example Batrachospermum involves the alternation of a succession (3 in number) of haploid somatic generations with a transitory diploid phase as represented by a zygote. Cytologically such a life cycle is called haplodiplontic.

Asexual reproduction is by means of monospores, carpospores, bispores etc.

The striking use of red algae is Agar. It is a gelatinous bleached material which is extracted from Gelidium and Gracilaria. Agar agar is used as a culture medium for bacteria. Calcareous red algae form coral reels.

NEET Biology Plant Kingdom Chlamydomonas

It is a motile, unicellular freshwater alga characterized by a pear-shaped body, two flagella, and a cup-shaped chloroplast containing one pyrenoid.

• Two basal granules, two contractile vacuoles, one red eye spot, and one nucleus are present. The nutritional mode is autotrophic, and it stores food as starch. Vegetative reproduction is nonexistent.
• Asexual reproduction under favourable conditions occurs through zoospores, which are generated in a zoosporangium by the process of bipartition. Aplanospores, hypnospores, and palmella spores are generated under adverse conditions.
• Sexual reproduction occurs in response to adverse environments. It is isogamous, anisogamous, and oogamous.
• The gametes amalgamate in an aqueous environment, resulting in external fertilization. The zygote enters a dormant state as a zygospore.
• Under optimal conditions, it germinates to generate meiozoospores by meiosis.
• A solitary meiozoospore generates one principal plant. Parthenogenesis occurs when gametes do not fuse, resulting in the formation of a zygospore-like structure known as a Parthenospore or zygospore.
• The life cycle is haplontic, wherein the entire generation is haploid, with the zygospore being the sole representation of the diploid phase.

NEET Biology Plant Kingdom Spirogyra

It is a freshwater multicellular filamentous free-floating alga. Single filament has a large number of cylindrical cells placed end to end. A cell has a cell wall which forms mucilage in contact with water, hence the plant called ‘pond silk’.

• In the cell, there is peripheral cytoplasm (primordial utricle) spiral-shaped chloroplasts, central vacuole, and nucleus suspended by cytoplasmic strands. Numerous pyrenoids are present.
• Mode of nutrition autotrophic and reserve food in the form of starch. Spirogyra cell takes essential salts and minerals through the exposed cell surface (cell membrane and cell wall).
• The Chloroplast of Spirogyra is left-handed with a wavy or smooth margin. ‘ Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation. Asexual reproduction by akinetes and aplanospores. Sexual reproduction is by conjugation. There is scalariform or ladder-like conjugation and lateral or chain conjugation.
• It is of further of two types direct and indirect conjugation. The former takes place in monoecious as well as in dioecious filaments while the latter takes place in monoecious filaments only. The female cell has the zygote which undergoes rest in the form of a zygospore.
• In favourable conditions, it germinates to produce 4 haploid nuclei, after meiosis out of which only one is functional and three degenerate. The germ tube is produced which gives rise to one filament

Plant Kingdom Examples NEET

Parthenogenesis occurs when a thick-walled, unfertilized resting gamete known as a zygospore (haploid) directly generates a new plant under favourable conditions. Life in Spirogyra is haplontic, with the zygospore being the sole representation of the diploid phase.

NEET Biology Plant Kingdom Ulothrix

1. This is a green alga of class Chlorophyceae, found in both fresh waters as well as seawater.
2. The most common freshwater species is U. zonata.
3. Some of the marine species are U. implexa, U. Jlacca and U. pseudolacca.
4. It is a multicellular, unbranched, filamentous alga with a basal holdfast or rhizoidal cell.
5. All cells, except the holdfast and apical cells, are almost of the same shape and size.
6. The cells are more in breadth than that of their height.
7. Each cell contains a single chloroplast which is C-shaped, collar-shaped, girdle-shaped or ring-shaped. One (U. roida) or many (U. zonata) pyrenoids are present. The cells are uninucleated.
8. Plants reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation. Akinetes are formed in U. zonata, U. acqualis, U. diaspora and U. oscillating.
9. Asexual reproduction takes place by three types of zoospores, i.e. quadriflagellate macrozoospores (large zoospore with 4 flagella), quadriflagellate microzoospores (small zoospores with 4 flagella), and biflagellate microzoospores (small zoospores with 2 flagella).
10. Plants reproduce also by aplanospores and Palmella stage.
11. Sexual reproduction in Ulothrix is isogamous. Ulothrix is dioecious, and fusion takes place between two gametes belonging to two separate filaments. Zygospore thus formed undergoes perennation under unfavourable conditions.
12. When favourable conditions approach, it germinates undergoes meiosis and form haploid lothario. Thus life cycle is haplontic. The main plant body is haploid and only the zygote represents the diploid phase.

Economic Importance Of Algae

1. As food. Ulva, Laminaria, Porphyra, Caulerpa etc. are used as food. Chlorella contains proteins and all vitamins from A-D. It is also used as food in space travel.

1. Utilization of marine algae as human food. The marine algae are of considerable importance in food value. They are often mixed with rice and fish and served as a base for soups, and condiments and eaten alone as salads.
2. Utilization of freshwater algae as human food. Chlorella is rich in protein and carbohydrates. Spirulina plalensis is one of the richest sources of protein, containing 40- 50 per cent crude protein.
3. The mucoproteinic constituents of the cell wall are easy to digest thus making Spirulina a good item for both, human beings and animals.
4. Utilization of algae as fish food. Algae serve as primary food for fish and other small aquatic animals. In freshwater lakes and ponds, Oedogonium, Spirogyra, Microspora, Ulothrix, Cladophora, Pithophora etc., serve directly as fish food.

2. In Industry

1. Agar-agar is produced from Gracilaria and Gelidium.
2. Algin is prepared from Ascophyllum, Macrocystis and Laminaria. It is used in ice creams.
3. Carrageenan is prepared from Chondrus Crispus (Irish moss). It is used in chocolate, jelly, ice-creams, etc.
4. Iodine is prepared from Ascophyllum, Laminaria, Fucus, and Ecklonia.
5. Bromine is obtained from red algae Polysiphonia and Rhodomela.
6. Alginic acid is obtained from Macrocystis, Nereocystis, Sargassum, Fucus and Laminaria.

3. Nitrogen fixation. Nostoc, Anabaena and many other genera of Cyanophyceae fix the atmospheric nitrogen and increase the fertility of the soil.

4. Medicines,

1. The antibiotic ‘chlorellin’ is prepared from Chlorella.
2. Chara is larvicidal and helps in the eradication of malaria.
3. Alginic acid stops bleeding and is also used in the preparation of emulsions.
4. Agar-agar is used as a laxative.

Plant Kingdom Examples NEET

5. Research Work,

1. Chlorella is used in many experiments of photosynthesis.
2. Acetabularia is used in many genetic experiments.
3. Water Bloom. Microcystis, Anabaena and Oscillatoria form the water bloom.
4. Parasitic algae. Cephaleuros viresus is a parasitic alga and causes ‘red rust of tea.’
5. Coffea is a parasite of the coffee plants.
6. Algae and space travel. The biologists are utilizing Chlorellapyrinoidosa as a possible food source in space flight.
7. Algae as fodder. The spa y/eeds are used as fodder for cattle example Macrocystis, Fucps, Laminaria.

• Linnaeus divided flowering plants into 23 classes, using the number and position of stamens. Monandria is a class with a single stamen Example Canna, Icosandria class includes plants with 20 or more stamens.
• Plant kingdom is divided into two subkingdoms i.e. phanerogamae and cryptogamae. Cryptogamae includes non-flowering plants such as algae, fungi, lichens, mosses and ferns.
• All flowering plants bear seeds and are included in Phanerogamae. The non-flowering cryptogams are divided into divisions Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta. Phanerogamae are also known as spermatophyta and are divided into gymnospermae and angiospermae.
• Kingdom Plantae is a large group of organisms which are primarily eukaryotic, multicellular and photosynthetic although some of them are unicellular as well. They include red, brown and green logic. bryophytes and vascular plants or traehcophytn. The latter comprises Ptcridophyta, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
• Red algae comprise a distinct, primitive marine group based unicellular to multicellular plant or coral-like. Phycobllin pigments provide a red colour to this group.
• Brown algae group also called phaeophyta are mostly marine, max grow up to 40-bO m. Larger forms such as laminaria have lamina which is photosynthctic. stemlike stipe and holdfast which anchors them to rocks.
• Green algae also called chlorophyta are chiefly freshwater forms. These plants are of different shapes and sizes.
• Some green algae ate epiphytic or epizoic while others have symbiotic relationships with fungi Example Lichens. live photosynthetic pigments present in their green algae ate chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. They store starch and have cell walls made up of cellulose. The reproductive stage has flagellated gametes and asexual zoospores.
• Multicellular algae are evolutionarily older than land plants.
• Bry ophytes (moss plants) are small erect land plants growing densely in moist places. They have leaf-like, stem-like and root-like structures.
• These plants lack vascular tissue. Moss plants are gametophytes which develop from haploid spores. Male and female organs are called antheridia and archegonia respectively. The haploid and diploid phases alternate with each other and this is called the Alternation of generations.
• Vascular plants are diverse and dominant among land plants. Some may adapt to an aquatic mode of life secondary. The characteristic organs are root, stem and leaves which perform different functions and adapt to diverse environments.
• Ferns or pteridophytes are primitive vascular plants with variously shaped leaves. The stem of these plants may be an underground rhizome or a trunk as in tree ferns.
• The roots are of an adventitious type. Diploid sporophyte is dominant phase. Hie sporophyll produces sporangia in soil where haploid spores me produced by mciosis.
• The spores germinate to produce small ganirlnpliytc called prothallus which is heard in archegonia. Die zygote formed by the fusion of male and female gamete cells develops into a sporophytic phase, thus there is an alternation of generations.
• The plants having vascular tissue which resembles the windpipe of animals are called Trnchcophytes. Gyninospenns arc vascular plants which reproduce by forming naked seeds and water is not essential for fertilization.
• Ovules or megasporangia formed on sporophylls contain the egg cells. Pollen sacs or microsporangia produce pollen grains which produce male gametes.
• The zygote formed as a result of fertilization develops into an embryo within the ovule which becomes the seed. Seeds are naked in Gymnosperms.
• In cycas, megasporophylls are not organised in definite cones.
• Conifers (like pine) have one main axis of growth, with the trunk increasing girth as the tree increases in height. Angiosperms may be annuals, biennials or perennials and many survive for hundreds of years and grow indefinitely.
• Their size may range from 1 mm ( Wolffia) to 110 m (Eucalyptus). These angiospermic plants have definite roots, stems and leaves which may get modified to perform specific functions.
• They also get modified accordingly in the case of xerophytes, hydrophytes and mesophytes. Angiosperms are classified as monocots and dicots. The former have one cotyledon in the embryo and the latter have two cotyledons respectively.
• Monocots include cereals, bamboo, palms, bananas, lilies and orchids.
• Dicots include hard woody trees, pulses, most vegetables and fruits, many spices, beverages crops and many ornamental flowering plants.

Plant Kingdom Characteristics NEET

NEET Biology Plant Kingdom Quanta To Memory

• Karl. W. Von Nageli. Swiss botanists distinguished blue-green algae from algae.
• M.O.P. Lyenger is regarded as the father of Indian psychology (Algology).
• Linnaeus provided the term algae, for hepaticae and others but used it for its present meaning by A.L. de Jussieu (1789) Phycology/Algology. Branch of botany which deals with the study of alga.
• In Thallophyta. Sex organs are non-jacketed and unicellular Ectocarpus has separate haploid (n) and diploid (2n) filaments and exhibits isomorphic alternation of generations.
• Laminaria has a heteromorphic alternation of generations.
• Batrachospermum. found in freshwater is red algae but it is violet in colour.
• From Gelidium. (red algae), agar is obtained commercially from Charais submerged freshwater green alga. It has nodes, internodes and crystals of calcium carbonate.
• Porphyra. An edible form of red algae is cultivated in the shallow seas of Japan.
• Oedogonium. It has ring-like markings called cap cells. These cap cells are capable of division, sexual reproduction is oogamous. It is of two types:
• Macrandrous: Antheridia produce normal-sized filament
• Natutandious: Anlheridia produces a special dwarf male filament called nannandria.
• Phycocolloid. It is a mucopolysaccharide present in and over die walls of red and brown algae like alginic acid, brown algae, agar and carragennin in red algae.
• The Sargasso Sea is a part of the Atlantic sea and is covered by pieces of Sargassum (Gulf weed).
• Chloroplast is reticulate shaped in Morgotia, oedogonium.
• Chloroplast is star-shaped in Zygnema.
• Green algae Cephleuros causes red rust in tea and coffee.
• Carposporophyte. The post-fertilization, product produced in some algae is carpogonium is called carposporophyte.
• Carpospores on germination form a structure which resembles algal chaurasia and is called chaurasia stage Example Batrachospermum.
• Gongrosira stage of Vaucheria—Palmella stage of chlamydomonas.
• The number of caps in oedogonium cells is indicated by the number of times a cell has divided.
• Reticulate chloroplast is found in Oedogonium and pyrenoids are located on every point of cross section of bonds of chloroplasts.
• Chlamydomonas: Thrives in water richin ammonium salts. Some live in saline water and even in snow Example C. nivalis.
• Dictyosomes are present in Chlamydomonas.
• Location of contractile vacuole: Just below blepharoplasts in Chlamydomonas In Chlamydomonas. Volutin granule is reserve food present in the cytoplasm. 14 Aplanospore is produced singly.
• Hypnospores: contain haematochrome a red pigment.
• Red snow- Imperial red colour to snow by Chlamydomonas nivalis.
• Gametes of Chlamydomonas are without cell walls. Hologamy. When the whole organism acts as a gamete and fuses to form a zygote.
• Pigments entrap colour in double bonds In algal plants thalamus is Heterotrichous i.e. has different filaments. The body has prostrate branchings Example Coleochete, Stigeoclonium, Fristschiella, and Chantransia.
• Pyrenoid bodies never store oil and glycogen in algae. In algae the sex organs are naked and as a result of fertilisation the oospore or zygospore is formed but the zygote never formed.
• Alternation of generations is generally absent but occurs in Cladophora, Dictyota, and Ulva.
• Microcystis gives blue blue-green colour to the sea Trichodesmium erythrin gives a red colour to the sea.
• Carrageenan. It is a sulphated polysaccharide similar to Agar obtained from the cell walls of Gigartina and Chondrus. It is used as a thickening agent for food products, especially puddings.
• Apart from Porphyra, Chondrus (Irish Moss) is the most popular edible Red alga. Also used in pharmaceuticals including laxatives and cosmetics. Sargassum multiplies fast by fragmentation In Ulothrix, cytoplasm is peripheral.
• The zoospore of Lothario is pear-shaped and attaches itself to a solid substratum by a pointed end after swimming for some time.
• SPIROGYRA= Pond’s Silk
• Spirogyra genesis is a fixed species with holdfast and the cell just above is? gamete and above this cell represent male gamete. Zygospore has chloroplast Chlorella a green alga that is rich in proteins (50%) and is used in space research for food and C02-02 balance.
• Agar-agar is a starch-like polysaccharide which is obtained from the red algae Gelidium, which is used in medicines. Fucoxanthin is a pigment in brown algae which gives a brown colour to the algae.
• Natutandious: Anlheridia produces a special dwarf male filament called nannandria.
• Phycocolloid. It is a mucopolysaccharide present in and over die walls of red and brown algae like alginic acid, brown algae, agar and carragennin in red algae.
• The Sargasso Sea is a part of the Atlantic sea and is covered by pieces of Sargassum (Gulf weed).
• Chloroplast is reticulate shaped in Morgotia, oedogonium.
• Chloroplast is star-shaped in Zygnema.
• Green algae Cephleuros causes red rust in tea and coffee.
• Carposporophyte. The post-fertilization, product produced in some algae is carpogonium is called carposporophyte.
• Carpospore on germination forms a structure which resembles algal chaurasia and is called chaurasia stage Example Batrachospermum.
• Gongrosira stage of Vaucheria—Palmella stage of chlamydomonas.
• The number of caps in oedogonium cells is indicated by the number of times a cell has divided.
• Reticulate chloroplast is found in Oedogonium and pyrenoids are located on every point of cross section of bonds of chloroplasts.
• Chlamydomonas: Thrives in water richin ammonium salts. Some live on saline water and even in snow Example C. nivalis.
• Dictyosomes present in Chlamydomonas.
• Location of contractile vacuole: Just below blepharoplasts in Chlamydomonas In Chlamydomonas. Volutin granule is reserve food present in the cytoplasm. 14 Aplanospore is produced singly.
• Hypnospores: contain haematochrome a red pigment.
• Red snow- Imperial red colour to snow by Chlamy Domonas Nivalis.
• Gametes of Chlamydomonas are without cell walls. Hologamy. When the whole organism acts as a gamete and fuses to form a zygote.
• Pigments entrap colour in double bonds In algal plants thalamus is Heterotrichous i.e. has different filaments. The body has prostrate branchings Example Coleochete, Stigeoclonium, Fristschiella, and Chantransia.
• Pyrenoid bodies never store oil and glycogen in algae. In algae the sex organs are naked and as a result of fertilisation the oospore or zygospore is formed but the zygote never formed.
• Alternation of generations is generally absent but occurs in Cladophora, Dictyota, and Ulva.
• Microcystis gives blue green colour to the sea Trichodesmium erythrin gives a red colour to the sea. Carrageenan. It is a sulphated polysaccharide similar to Agar obtained from the cell walls of Gigartina and Chondrus.
• It is used as a thickening agent for food products, especially puddings. Apart from Porphyra, Chondrus (Irish Moss) is the most popular edible Red alga.
• Also used in pharmaceuticals including laxatives and cosmetics. Sargassum multiplies fast by fragmentation In Ulothrix, cytoplasm is peripheral. The zoospore of Lothario is pear-shaped and attaches itself to a solid substratum by a pointed end after swimming for some time.
• Spirogyra= Pond’s Silk
• Spirogyra genesis is a fixed species with a holdfast and a cell just above is. gamete and above this cell represent male gamete. Zygospore has chloroplast Chlorella a green alga that is rich in proteins (50%) and is used in space research for food and C02-02 balance.
• Agar-agar is a starch-like polysaccharide which is obtained from the red algae Gelidium, which is used in medicines. Fucoxanthin is a pigment in brown algae which gives a brown colour to the algae.

Plant Kingdom NEET Mcqs

NEET Biology Plant Kingdom Questions For Competitive Examinations

Question 1. Basal cell of ulothrix is :

1. Antheridium
2. Meristematic
3. Holdfast
4. Zoogonidium.

Answer: 3. Holdfast

Question 2. Kelps are:

1. Freshwater algae
2. Marine algae
3. Terrestrial plants
4. Amphibious plants.

Answer: 2. Marine algae

Question 3. Algae are important to human beings as they :

1. Can be turned into an important diet in future
2. Purify atmosphere
3. Can be grown in the water tank
4. None of the above.

Answer: 2. Purify atmosphere

Question 4.‘Non-motile’ gametes occur in :

1. Ulothrix
2. Spirogyra
3. Funaria
4. Selaginella.

Answer: 2. Spirogyra

Question 5. Thin-walled non-flagellate spores are :

1. Zoospores.
2. Aplanospores
3. Hypnospores
4. Zygospores.

Answer: 2. Aplanospores

Question 6. Life cycle of spirogyra/chlamydomonas is :

1. Haplobiontic/haplontic
2. Diplobiontic
3. Haplodiplobiontic
4. Diplontic.

Answer: 1. Haplobiontic/haplontic

Plant Kingdom NEET Notes

Question 7. Spirogyra filaments increase in length due to :

1. Basal cells
2. Division in middle cells
3. Rhizoidal cells
4. All green cells.

Answer: 4. All green cells.

Question 8. Which of the following are not seed producers?

1. Puccinia and pinus
2. Fern and funeral
3. Funaria and focus
4. Ficus and chlamydomonas

Answer: 2. Fern and funeral

Question 9. Algae attached to stones are called :

1. Monolithic
2. Epiploic
3. Epilithic
4. None of the above.

Answer: 3. Epilithic

Question 10. Algae are useful because they :

1. Are large in number
2. Purify the atmosphere
3. Are used in alcoholic fermentation
4. Are used in the study of photosynthesis.

Answer: 2. Purify the atmosphere

Question 11. People recovering from long illness are often advised to include alga spirulina in their diet because it:

1. Is rich in protein
2. Has antibiotic properties
3. Makes the food easy to digest
4. Restores the intestinal microflora.

Answer: 1. Is rich in protein

Question 12. Agar-agar is obtained from :

1. Chlorella
2. Gelidium
3. Ulothrix
4. Spirogyra.

Answer: 2. Gelidium

Question 13. Sexual reproduction in spirogyra is an advanced feature because it shows :

1. Same size of motile sex organs
2. Morphologically different sex organs
3. Different sizes of motile sex organs
4. Physiologically differentiated sex organs.

Answer: 4. Physiologically differentiated sex organs.

Question 14. Which of the following is an exclusive group of mosses?

1. Funaria, sphagnum, marchantia
2. Manchantia, porphyra, sphagnum
3. Funaria, polytrichium, sphagnum
4. Polytrichium, sphagnum, gracilaria

Answer: 3. Funaria, polytrichium, sphagnum

Classification Of Plant Kingdom NEET

Question 15. Green algae contains :

1. Chlorophyll a and b
2. Starch
3. Carotenoids
4. A11 of the above.

Answer: 4. A11 of the above.

Question 16. In lothario, meiosis takes place in :

1. Zygote
2. Holdfast
3. Zoospores
4. Cells of the filament.

Answer: 1. Zygote

Question 17. Match items in column1 and column 2

Select the correct answer from the following :

1. (1-6), (2-A), (3-c), (4-d), (:5-e)
2. (1-C), (2-b), (3-a),(4-e), (5-d)
3. (1 -B), (2-c), (3-d), (4-e), (5-a)
4. (1-c), (2-a), (3-d), (4-e), (5-b).

Answer: 4. (1-c), (2-a), (3-d), (4-e), (5-b).

Question 18. If you are asked to classify the various algae into distinct groups, which of the following characters you should choose?

1. Nature of stored food materials in the cell
2. Structural organization of thallus
3. Chemical composition of the cell wall
4. Types of pigments present in the cell.

Answer: 4. Types of pigments present in the cell.

Question 19. Group of algae in which sexual reproduction is absent:

1. Cyanophceae
2. Bacillarlophyceae
3. Chlorophyceae
4. None of these.

Answer: 1. Cyanophceae

Question 20. Consider the following statements regarding the major pigments and stored food in the different groups of algae and select the correct options given :

1. In Chlorophyceae the stored food material is starch and the major pigments are chlorophyll-a and d
2. In Phaeophyceae, laminarin is the stored food and major pigments are chlorophyll-a and b
3. In Rhodophyceae, Floridian starch is the stored food and the major pigments are chlorophyll-a, d and phycoerythrin

Choose the correct option 

1. 1 Is correct, but 2 and 3 are wrong
2. 1 And 2 are correct, but 3 is wrong
3. 1 And 3 are correct, but 2 is wrong
4. 2 Is correct, but 1 and 3 are wrong
5. 3 Is correct, but 1 and 3 are wrong.

Answer: 5. 3 Is correct, but 1 and 3 are wrong.

Question 21. Which one of the following does not differ in E. coli and Chlamydomonas?

1. Chromosomal organization
2. Cell wall
3. Cell membrane
4. Ribosomes.

Answer: 3. Cell membrane

Plant Kingdom NEET Syllabus

Question 22. Which of the following correctly represents the type of life cycle patterns from the options given?

1. Diplontic, Haplodiplontic, Haplontic
2. Haplodiplontic, Haplontic, Diplontic
3. Haplontic, Diplontic, Alopiplontic
4. Diplontic, Haplontic, Aplodipontic
5. Haplontic, Haplodiplontic, Diplontic

Answer: 4. Diplontic, Haplontic, Aplodipontic

Question 23. The monoecious plant chart shows the occurrence of:

1. Stamen and carpel of the same plant
2. Upper antheridium and lower oogonium on the same plant
3. Upper oogonium and lower antheridium on the same plant
4. Antheridiphore and archegoniophore on the same plant.

Answer: 3. Antheridiphore and archegoniophore on the same plant.