MPBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes For Amorphous Carbon

MPBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes For Amorphous Carbon

1. Charcoal

Vegetable charcoal:

1. Wood charcoal: When wood is subjected to destructive distillation in an iron retort, the volatile organic compounds present escape and the residue left in the retort is called wood charcoal.
2. Sugar charcoal: It can be prepared by heating pure sugar in a closed vessel or by eliminating water from sugar by reacting it with concentrated sulphuric acid

Animal charcoal:

• Bone charcoal:
  • Small pieces of animal bones are treated with superheated steam to remove the adhering fat and marrow.
  • The dried bones are then subjected to destructive distillation in an iron retort when volatile substances are distilled out and a black residue containing carbon and about 90% impurities like calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate is left behind.
  • This is known as bone black or bone charcoal. These impurities are removed by dissolving the black material in dilute HCl.
  • The insoluble deep black powder thus obtained is almost pure charcoal and is called ivory black.
• Blood charcoal:  Charcoal obtained by destructive distillation of blood is known as blood charcoal.

MPBSE Class 11 Chemistry For Carbon nanotubes Physical properties

Charcoal is black, soft and porous.It is a bad conductor of heat and electricity. Its specific gravity lies between 1.4 and 1.9. But because of its porosity, air enters in its pores.

• As a result, its specific gravity gets reduced to 0.2 and hence charcoal floats on water. When porous charcoal b freed from entrapped air, it can retain any other ga* In ib pores, This phenomenon is known as adsorption.
• The adsorbed gas escapes on heating and is much more reactive than the ordinary gas.

Amorphous Carbon Class 11 Notes

2. Activated charcoal

Activated charcoal has high adsorption power as compared to ordinary charcoal.

Activated charcoal Preparation

• When the charcoal obtained by destructive distillation of coconut shell is heated to about 800-900°C  a limited supply of air or steam, activated charcoal is obtained.0
• Besides this, activated charcoal may also be obtained by the destructive distillation of sawdust soaked In aqueous solution of ZnCl₂ or MgCl

Activated charcoal Properties

• Activated charcoal is not only a good adsorbent for gases but it also has the power of decolourising a coloured substance and absorbing the taste of a substance
• Moreover, as a catalyst accelerates the rates of many chemical reactions.

MPBSE Class 11 Chemistry For Activated charcoal Chemical properties

1. At higher temperatures, charcoal burns in air or oxygen to form CO₂ gas. However, in a limited supply of oxygen, its combustion produces carbon monoxide.

C + O₂→ CO₂; 2C + O₂→ 2CO

2. Charcoal forms different compounds with sulphur, nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperatures.

Amorphous Carbon Class 11 Notes

2C + N₂→ (CN)₂ (cyanogen)

2C + H₂→ C₂H₂ (acetylene)

In the first reaction, two solids (C and S) react together to form a liquid (carbon disulphide

3. Charcoal combines with heated Ca, Al, Fe etc. to form their corresponding carbides.

Ca + 2C→ CaC₂; 3Fe + C→ Fe₃C; 4Al + 3C→Al₄C₃

4. When a mixture of silica (SiO₂) and coke dust is heated at 1500’2000°Cin an electric furnace, silicon carbide (SiC) is formed. It is black, bright and very hard solid. It is known as carborundum which is used for polishing metals

5. When steam is passed over white-hot charcoal or coke, a mixture containing equal volumes of CO and H₂, called water gas is produced

C+H₂ O → CO + H₂ (water gas)

6. Reducingproperty: Charcoal is a good reducing agent.

Amorphous Carbon Chemistry Class 11

1. At higher temperatures, various metal oxides are reduced by charcoal to their corresponding metals.

CuO + C→ Cu + CO; PbO + C→ Pb + CO

Fe₂O₃ + 3C→  2Fe + 3CO

2. At higher temperatures, charcoal reduces carbon dioxide to CO and sodium sulphate to sodium sulphide.

3. Charcoal in burning condition is oxidised by concentrated nitric acid or sulphuric acid to CO₂.

MPBSE Class 11 Chemistry For Activated Charcoal Uses

Wood charcoal serves as a fuel and a reducing agent in metal extraction.

• It is employed in the decolorization of sugar syrup and the refinement of oils, fats, and glycerin.
• It is utilized in the treatment of potable water as it adsorbs surplus chlorine following chlorination.
• It is utilized in gas masks due to its ability to adsorb toxic gases.
• It is additionally utilized in the formulation of gunpowder and black paint (Black Japan).

MPBSE Class 11 Chemistry For Lamp Black Or Carbon Black

When organic liquids rich in carbon such as kerosene, petrol, turpentine oil, benzene etc. are subjected to bum in controlled air, a black sooty smoke is produced. This smoke on condensation in a cold container forms soot.

• This soot is called lamp black or carbon black.
• It may also be obtained when natural gas (methane) is subjected to albumin-controlled air.
• It is the purest form of all the amorphous allotropes of carbon.

Mpbse Class 11 Chemistry Notes Pdf

Lamp Black Or Carbon Black Properties:

It is amorphous, black and non-conductor of heat and electricity.

Lamp Black Or Carbon Black Uses:

It is used in the preparation of printing ink, shoe polish and blackpaints

MPBSE Class 11 Chemistry For Coke And Gas Carbon

When anthracite coal (96% carbon) is subjected to destructive distillation, the solid residue left in the iron retort is called coke. At higher temperatures (1000 -1200°C), hard coke is called coke. At higher temperatures (1000 -1200°C), hard coke is obtained whereas at 600-650°C, we get soft coke.

Properties Of Amorphous Carbon Class 11

The black hard dense residue deposited on the relatively cooler upper part of the retort is as gas carbon. it possesses thermal water gas is produced. and electrical conductivity and electrical conductivity.

MPBSE Class 11 Chemistry For Coke and gas carbon Uses

• Hard coke serves as a fuel and a reducing agent for residential applications.
• Soft coke serves as a residential fuel source.
• Carbon gas is extensively utilized as electrodes in batteries, arc lamps, and during electrolysis.

All allotropic forms of carbon comprise the same element: When a certain mass of a pure allotropic variant of carbon is heated in an elongated, robust combustion tube in the presence of pure oxygen, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) are generated.

• CuO, contained within the tube, transforms CO into CO₂. The collected CO₂ is absorbed in a pre-weighed potash bulb connected to the exit end of the tube.
• An rise in the bulb’s weight indicates the quantity of CO2 produced. When the experiment is conducted independently with the same constant weight of any other allotrope, an equivalent quantity of CO₂ is produced in each instance.
• This experiment demonstrates that the various allotropes comprise the same element, namely carbon.